Toponyms and a Condom

Earlier I mentioned some offensive place names (almost always unintentional). Less vulgar but still not great for a place's public image is something like the French town of Condom. No matter what the origin of the name might be, English speakers will associate it with those birth control items.

Condom is an example of a toponym. Condom comes from the Gaulish words condate and magos combined into Condatomagos, which means "market or field, of the confluence".Condatómagos evolved into Condatóm and then into Conddóm. Condom was first recorded in Latin in the 10th century as Condomus or Condomium. It is where the river Gèle flows into the river Baïse.[

Although the French word for the contraceptive condom is préservatif, in 1995 the town's mayor, taking advantage of the incidental relationship between the town's name and the English word, opened a museum of contraceptives that operated until 2005.

Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms which are proper names of places,  including their origins, meanings, usage, and types.

Part 2 of this vocabulary lesson is to say that toponymy is a branch of onomastics, the study of proper names of all kinds.

The term toponymy comes from Ancient Greek tópos, 'place', and onoma, 'name'. The Oxford English Dictionary records toponymy (meaning "place name") first appearing in English in 1876. Since then, toponym has come to replace the term place-name in professional discourse among geographers.

Places With Offensive Names

Some places have names that are offensive or humorous in other languages.

A few examples are Rottenegg or Fucking (renamed to Fugging in 2021) in Austria, or Fjuckby in Sweden, since those names are easily associated with the expletive "fuck."

The town of Fucking is benign in German, but in English it's vulgar. Its earliest recorded use in England is within the 14th-century Bristol field name, Fucking Grove, although it is unclear whether the word was considered obscene at that time. 

December in Japan

 

Like many countries, Japan uses a 12-month calendar. The names used are very simple. January is literally "Month one" 一月, February is "Month two" 二月, and so on. However, before the Meiji Restoration (mid-1800s), an older 12-month system was common. These months’ names referenced the weather and the seasons, similar to how we name the Full Moons.

December is 師走. The kanji (I think that is the correct term for an ideogram) 師 can refer to a teacher, or a mentor, often in a religious sense. In this context, it means a monk. The second ideogram is 走 which means "running." So, this December literally means "monks running."   

But why? 

In December, monks are very busy preparing for the New Year's festival, so this last month of the year is "the month of running monks."

Chrismukkah

By Jonah Green - Flickr: Hanukkah bush, CC BY 2.0, Link

Chrismukkah is a pop-culture portmanteau neologism referring to the merging of the holidays of Christianity's Christmas and Judaism's Hanukkah. 

The term was popularized beginning in December 2003 by the TV drama The O.C., in which the character Seth Cohen creates the holiday to signify his upbringing in an interfaith household with a Jewish father and Protestant mother. 

The holiday can also be adopted by all-Jewish households that celebrate Christmas as a secular holiday.

The term first arose in the German-speaking countries among middle-class Jews in the 19th century. 

After World War II, Chrismukkah became particularly popular in the United States but is also celebrated in other countries.

For a deeper and more personal take on this, see my post today on Weekends in Paradelle. 

tempest in a teapot and variations

 

German artist Carl Guttenberg's 1778 engraving of an exploding teapot to represent the American Revolution. Father Time, on the right, flashes a magic lantern picture of an exploding teapot to America on the left and Britannia on the right, with British and American forces advancing towards each other.

Tempest in a teapot (American English), or storm in a teacup (British English), or tempest in a teacup, are all idioms meaning a small event that has been exaggerated out of proportion. There are also lesser-known or earlier variants, such as storm in a cream bowl, tempest in a glass of water, storm in a wash-hand basin, and storm in a glass of water. We find the French une tempête dans un verre d'eau (a storm in a glass of water) and Chinese: 茶杯裡的風波、;  茶壺裡的風暴 (winds and waves in a teacup; storm in a teapot)

The etymology appears to go way back to Cicero in the first century BC. In his De Legibus, he used a similar phrase in Latin, possibly the precursor to the modern expressions, Excitabat enim fluctus in simpulo ut dicitur Gratidius, which is translated as "For Gratidius raised a tempest in a ladle, as the saying is."

One of the earliest occurrences in print of the modern version is in 1815, where Britain's Lord Chancellor Thurlow, sometime during his tenure of 1783–1792, is quoted as referring to a popular uprising on the Isle of Man as a "tempest in a teapot."

Lord North, Prime Minister of Great Britain, is credited for popularizing this phrase as characterizing the outbreak of American colonists against the tax on tea. This was satirized in Carl Guttenberg's 1778 engraving of the Tea-Tax Tempest (shown above).

punk

cattail

I wrote elsewhere about something that was part of my New Jersey childhood autumns. We would gather cattails, dry them, light them, and blow out the flaming tip so there was a glowing and smoking tip. Some people said the smoke kept away mosquitoes and bugs, but honestly, we just liked the fire and smoke.

We called them punks, but until I wrote about that, I had no clue why that was the name we used for them. It may be a Jersey thing. There were also very small, manufactured punks that are still sold and are used as a lighter for fireworks and as an unscented incense stick. 

Doing a bit of etymological research, I found the more common usages of the word.

I suspect that today, the most common usage might be as an adjective describing a loud, fast-moving, and aggressive form of rock music, popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Some of the genre's followers with their colored spiked hair and clothing decorated with safety pins or zippers could be called punks.

Earlier in North America, to call someone a punk would be saying they were a worthless person. The word shows up in 1950s movies, TV, and books as being close to being a criminal or hoodlum.

Slightly less derogatory American usage would be using it to describe an inexperienced young person or novice.

As a verb, it can be used to mean being tricked or deceived.

In sports, it can mean to totally beat or defeat an opponent.

The word's origin is late 16th century. I found that in an archaic sense, it meant a prostitute. 

The closest I can find for my childhood usage is a North American, late 17th century (as noun) usage of uncertain origin, meaning a soft, crumbly wood that has been attacked by fungus, used as tinder to start a fire.

saved by the bell

Some Americans might know the phrase saved by the bell" as the name of a 1980s TV sitcom about high school kids. But we use this idiom to often mean that someone is saved by something unplanned that gets them free from a tough situation. It might be a bell that saves them - one to end a class so that they don't have to give their speech, or a phone call that frees them - but it can it could also be the person who summons you from a meeting that you didn't want to attend.

The the idiom originataes in sports. In boxing, to be saved from misfortune or unpleasantness and a possible loss by the sound of the bell signalling the end of the round. Even a boxer who is knocked to the canvas and must regain his feet before a count of ten or lose the fight can be saved by that end-of-round bell if it is rung before the count is finished. That gives him until the start of the next round to recover and resume fighting. 

ADHI dates this to the "mid-1900s" while the OED cites the first boxing use in 1932, and later figurative use in 1959.

ringers and dead ringers

 

If you say that someone is a  “Dead Ringer,” it means they have the exact likeness of someone else - like a twin.

Going back to 19th century U.S. in horse racing,  an owner might substitute a horse that was faster or slower than the original racing horse to con the bookies. That horse looked exactly like the substituted horse and was called a ringer. 

The term "ringer" may have originated from the British term of the same name, which means "substitute or exchange". 

But why "dead"? In the phrase "dead ringer", the word means "precise" or "exact", similar to the phrases "dead on", "dead center", and "dead heat". 

When I was younger, I had heard the more frightening folk etymology of a "dead ringer." This usage originated from a custom of providing a cord in coffins for someone who buried alive to ring a bell for help. However, this is a folk etymology and the phrase has nothing to do with death.

rutting

 

The term "rutting" is used to describe the mating season of deer and moose which occurs starting in mid-September because it refers to the aggressive and competitive behavior that males exhibit during this time.

"Rut" is a word that comes from the Old English "rot," which means "to copulate."

During the rut, male deer and moose become territorial and engage in fierce battles with other males to establish dominance and access to females. This behavior is often accompanied by loud vocalizations, such as bugling or grunting, and physical displays of strength.

Sometimes They Say What They Mean

Some sayings have fairly literal origins. For example, if someone is "burning the midnight oil” meaning that they are working late into the night. The origin is from the days before electricity when oil lamps were used for lighting a room. Hence, you were burning oil at midnight if you were working late.

 To end a disagreement and move on might be described as "burying the hatchet." This old saying comes from a Native American tradition. When tribes declared a truce from battle, the chief from each opposing side would take a hatchet and bury it during a ceremony.

Today, if you are "caught red-handed” you have been apprehended during the commission of a crime. The origin is 15th century Scotland when being caught red-handed literally referred to committing a crime that leaves you with blood on your hands.

Yankee

Though my first association with the word Yankee will always be baseball's New York Yankees, the word "yankee" has existed much longer than the team and is used in many ways.

The word Yankee (noun or adjective) and its contracted form Yank have several interrelated meanings, all referring to people from the United States. Their various meanings depend on the context and may refer to New Englanders, the Northeastern United States, the Northern United States, or to people from the U.S. in general. 

Outside the United States, Yank is used informally to refer to an American person or thing. It has been especially popular in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand where it may be used variously in an uncomplimentary overtone, endearingly, or even cordially.[

In the Southern United States, Yankee is a derisive term that refers to all Northerners, and during the American Civil War it was applied by Confederates to soldiers of the Union army in general. 

Elsewhere in the United States, it largely refers to people from the Northeastern states, but especially those with New England cultural ties, such as descendants of colonial New England settlers, wherever they live.

It can also be used as a more cultural than geographical usage. In that usage it emphasizes Calvinist Puritan Christian beliefs and traditions of the Congregationalists who brought their culture when they settled outside New England. The speech dialect of Eastern New England English is called "Yankee" or "Yankee dialect"

The origin is somewhat in question but it is commonly said to be from the Dutch Janneke, a diminutive form of the given name Jan which would be Anglicized by New Englanders as "Yankee" due to the Dutch pronunciation of J being the same as the English Y.

British General James Wolfe made the earliest recorded use of the word "Yankee" in 1758 when he referred to the New England soldiers under his command. "I can afford you two companies of Yankees, and the more, because they are better for ranging and scouting than either work or vigilance."

Later British use of the word was in a derogatory manner,
as seen in this cartoon published in 1775 ridiculing "Yankee" soldiers.

There are several odd foreign applications of the word. One comes from the late 19th century when the Japanese were called "the Yankees of the East" in praise of their industriousness and drive to modernization. But less flattering is the term yankī (ヤンキー) which has been used since the late 1970s to refer to a type of delinquent youth associated with motorcycle gangs and frequently sporting dyed blond hair.

During the American occupation of Korea and the Korean War, black markets in the country that sold smuggled American goods from military bases were called "yankee markets." (Korean: 양키시장).[66] The term "yankee" is now generally viewed as an anti-American slur in South Korea, as in the exclamation "Yankee go home!"

The Smithereens

 

early Smithereens photo

Founded in New Jersey in 1980, The Smithereens are still rocking. Founding members Jim Babjak (guitar) Dennis Diken (drums) and Mike Mesaros (bass) grew up together in Carteret and lead singer Pat DiNizio grew up in Scotch Plains. 

Since I am a Jersey boy, I saw them a number of times in places like the Court Tavern and Stone Pony in NJ. It was MTV and TV appearances on The Tonight Show, Conan O'Brien, and Saturday Night Live that drove their peak popularity in the late 1980s through the mid 1990s.

The songs they are most identified with are probably "Only a Memory", "A Girl Like You" and "Too Much Passion."

Their top-ranked album on the Billboard pop charts was the 1990 album 11 which featured the hit single "A Girl Like You." 

Yosemite Sam is a cartoon character in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of short films produced by Warner Bros. His name is taken from Yosemite National Park and he is an adversary of Bugs Bunny. He is not very "Jersey" but , like the band's sound, he is very aggressive, The band's name comes from one of Yosemite Sam catchphrases, "Varmint, I'm a-gonna blow you to smithereens!."

This original lineup continued until 2006, when Mesaros left the band and Severo Jornacion took over on bass guitar until Mesaros' return in 2016. After DiNizio died in 2017, the band continued performing live shows as a trio (Babjak, Mesaros and Diken) with various guest vocalists. Those guests have included Robin Wilson of the Gin Blossoms and Marshall Crenshaw.

Their website is www.officialsmithereens.com 

11 from 1990

Our First Million

Our Why Name It That counter of visits clicked over the one million mark at the end of June!  That is an achievement for this little blog.  That came after over a decade and over 500 posts, so sticking to it gets some credit.

My first post was about the origin of this blog. It began as a student project by my then-young son and was something I picked up and converted into a blog a few years later. The idea was to answer the question posed in Romeo and Juliet - "What's in a name?"

It turns out there's a lot in a name, and so I look at why something has the name it does. That led us to find origins for curious names of bands, product names, people names, place names, titles, sports teams and really the origins of any words and phrases that catch my interest.

Early posts were about the name origins of rock bands (a category that remains the most popular posts here). I was working off an alphabetical list of topics at first, so I posted about 38 Special, ABBA, AC/DC and others.

I also started posting about names in sports, including my favorite team, the New York Yankees, and some eponyms found in the world of figure skating.

I started on some place names beginning with Alaska and Alabama but then moving not only through the United States but out into the wider world.

Words and phrases are a big part of the site. The first curiosity was that # symbol known by several names including as the pound sign.

If you're one of our regular visitors, thanks for putting us past 1,000,000. If you're a first time visitor, I hope you'll explore the site via the search bar or by categories or by just scrolling through the latest posts and clicking links.

There is a contact widget on the site if you have questions or want to suggest a name for us to include or have problems with the site. In looking at the older posts, I have discovered how many of the archived posts have broken images and links. We're working on it...