Measuring Energy

One of the biggest honors a scientist can receive is to have his or her name attached to their invention or discovery. These new words are known as eponyms, and here are some eponyms we have for the measurement of energy.

James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) gave us the joule, a unit that measures work, or energy (a force acting over distance. He was a British physicist who established that all forms of energy are equivalent.

Joule also developed thermodynamics, along with Lord Kelvin who is better known because absolute temperatures are stated in units of kelvin in his honor. While the existence of a lower limit to temperature (absolute zero) was known prior to his work, Lord Kelvin is widely known for determining its correct value as approximately −273.15 degree Celsius or −459.67 degree Fahrenheit.

Our common energy measurement of volts comes from Alessandro Volta (1745–1827). This unit measures differences in electrical potential. The Italian physicist Volta also discovered methane and  used his tongue to detect electricity and invented the first electric battery.

Another major electrical unit, the current-measuring ampere, takes its name from French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) who was one of the main founders of the science of electromagnetism, which he called “electrodynamics.”

U2

U2 is a rock band from Dublin, Ireland that consists of Bono (vocals and guitar), The Edge (guitar, keyboards and vocals), Adam Clayton (bass guitar), and Larry Mullen, Jr. (drums and percussion). They are one of the top rock acts in the world.

U2's early sound was post-punk but evolved and now includes influences from a variety of genres. A key part of their sound comes from The Edge's guitar playing and Bono's distinctive vocals.

Their songs' lyrics are frequently spiritual imagery, personal themes and also socio-political concerns. Bono is well known for his support of many causes.

The band formed in Dublin in 1976 when 14 year old Larry Mullen, Jr. put a sign on his school bulletin board looking for musicians for a new band.

The resulting group was called The Larry Mullen Band "for about ten minutes" but the addition of Bono meant a new center.

This band was Mullen on drums, Paul Hewson (Bono) on vocals, David Evans (The Edge) and also his older brother Dik Evans on guitar, Adam Clayton, on bass guitar. They used the name "Feedback" for it's guitar amplification reference. They were basically, like most young bands, a cover band and showed the influence of punk bands such as The Jam, The Clash, and The Sex Pistols.

In March 1977, the band changed their name to "The Hype". The older Dik Evans walked away from the band (literally, during a gig) the following year. The remaining four band members started using more original material and were billed as "U2".

Supposedly, Steve Averill, a punk rock musician and family friend of Clayton's, had suggested six potential names from which the band chose "U2."

There is no solidly validated reason for the name choice other than perhaps its brevity, intentional ambiguity and opportunities for interpretations.

I couldn't find any further explanation on U2's official website or in the book, U2 by U2.

But there are many references that might have influenced the choice. Best known to Americans is that a U2 is a type of spy plane used by the United States in the 1960's which was made famous when a 1960 international incident. A U.S. Lockheed U-2 plane over the Soviet Union was shot down over Russia and resulted in the pilot being taken as a prisoner during the Cold War.

A U2 is also a dry-cell battery type now known in the U.S. as a D battery.

A number of European railway systems have a U2 as part of their designations.

U2 can also be seen as being a version of "you too" referring to the audience and its role in the band's musical experience

I have also seen a reference to a U2 being a government form used in Ireland - but that seems to more likely be the origin, as we have explicated, for UB40.

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• You're The Best Thing About Me (2017)
• The Unforgettable Fire (Super Deluxe Edition 2CD+DVD)
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• Under a Blood Red Sky - Deluxe Edition CD/DVD
• 
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• The Unforgettable Fire
• Boy
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• 

Rosetta Stone

The term "Rosetta stone" has been used to represent any crucial key in the process of decryption of encoded information. This is especially true when only a small but representative sample is recognized as being the clue to understanding a larger whole.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first figurative use of the term appeared in 1902. In H. G. Wells' 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come, a manuscript written in shorthand provides a key to understanding additional material sketched out in both longhand and on typewriter.

Theodor W. Hänsch wrote in 1979 that "the spectrum of the hydrogen atoms has proved to be the Rosetta stone of modern physics" and understanding the key set of genes to the human leucocyte antigen has been described as "the Rosetta Stone of immunology."

The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum - by © Hans Hillewaert, CC BY-SA 4.0

The original Rosetta Stone is a black granodiorite (an igneous rock similar to granite) slab that was found in 1799. It is inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V.

Because the top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian (using hieroglyphic script and Demotic script, respectively) while the bottom is in Ancient Greek, the Rosetta Stone proved to be the translation key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Carved during the Hellenistic period, it is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, but was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period. It was rediscovered in 1799 as part of a the building material in the Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta by a French soldier during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt.

Lithographic copies and plaster casts were made for European museums and scholars to study.

It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802 and is the most-visited object there, but ever since its rediscovery, the stone has been the focus of nationalist rivalries, including its transfer from French to British possession during the Napoleonic Wars, and demands for the stone's return to Egypt.


Some readers will know the term Rosetta Stone used as the title of translation and language-learning software published by Rosetta Stone Ltd.