18 April 2026

The Mythology of Absinthe


His glass has the milky version produced by the ritual,
while hers is still straight green absinthe.

In late 19th-century Paris, absinthe was the drink of choice for the avant-garde. Because it was high-proof and relatively cheap, it became the fuel for the "Green Hour" (L'Heure Verte), a daily ritual in cafes. It was immortalized by figures like Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Oscar Wilde, and a number of poets and writers as being a drink to summon "the Muse."

Unlike wine, absinthe required a specific, almost alchemical ritual that involved dripping iced water over a sugar cube perched on a slotted spoon, which made the drink turn cloudy white. This theatricality made it feel more like a potion than a beverage. The myth was solidified by a very successful propaganda campaign. In the late 19th century, the French wine industry was nearly destroyed by a blight (phylloxera). As wine prices soared, people turned to absinthe.

But once the wine industry recovered, they viewed absinthe as a direct threat to their market share. They teamed up with the growing Temperance movement to portray absinthe as a "cocaine-like" drug that turned men into criminals. The final blow might have come in 1905, when a Swiss man murdered his family after a day of drinking. While he had consumed a massive amount of wine and brandy, the media focused exclusively on the two glasses of absinthe he had drunk. This "Absinthe Murder" led to the drink being banned in most of Europe and the U.S. by 1915.

That ban stayed in place for nearly a century, which only fueled the mystery. When it was finally legalized again in the late 1990s and early 2000s, people realized it was essentially just a very strong, anise-flavored spirit—but by then, the legend of the "forbidden" hallucinogenic green liquor was already permanent.

Absinthe is legal to purchase in the United States, but only in a specific, regulated form. The key requirement is that any absinthe sold in the U.S. must be “thujone‑free,” meaning it contains less than 10 parts per million (ppm) of thujone, the compound found in wormwood. This standard was set by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) and the FDA.  legalclar... +1

What “legal absinthe” means in the U.S. is that wormwood is allowed, but the final spirit must test as thujone‑free (<10 ppm). Since 2007, producers have been allowed to use the word absinthe on labels again, as long as they meet federal requirements. Labels cannot imply hallucinations, mind‑altering effects, or use “absinthe” as the sole brand name. Many states allow retail sales, though local alcohol laws vary.

So, is this “true” absinthe? It depends on what you mean by true. Traditional European absinthe often contains more thujone (up to ~35–38 mg/L). U.S. absinthe must stay under 10 mg/L, but chemically and flavor‑wise, it’s otherwise made the same way using wormwood, anise, and fennel, which give it a unique "licorice" kind of taste.

Modern research shows the old myths about hallucinations were exaggerated; the effects were mostly due to very high alcohol content, not thujone. The primary botanical in absinthe is Artemisia absinthium (Grand Wormwood). Wormwood contains a chemical compound called thujone. In the 1800s, doctors performed flawed experiments on animals, injecting them with high concentrations of wormwood oil. This caused seizures, leading scientists to claim that absinthe was a dangerous neurotoxin that caused "absinthism"—a condition characterized by hallucinations and madness.

Modern analysis shows that traditional absinthe contains only trace amounts of thujone—far too little to cause hallucinations. The "madness" seen in users was actually just severe chronic alcoholism, combined with the fact that absinthe was often bottled at 45% to 74% alcohol. Modern American absinthes typically range from 45% to 75% ABV (Alcohol by Volume), which translates to 90 to 150 proof. While that might seem startlingly high compared to a standard bottle of 80-proof vodka or gin, there is a functional reason for the high alcohol content.

The high proof isn't just for "kick"—it’s a chemical necessity for the botanicals. The signature ingredients (anise, fennel, and grand wormwood) are rich in essential oils. These oils stay dissolved in high-proof spirit but would separate or "louch" prematurely if the alcohol content were lower. This is why absinthe turns milky when you add icy water in that old ritual. By lowering the ABV to around 11%–15% in the glass, the oils are forced out of the solution, creating that famous cloudy appearance and releasing the floral aromas, though some people go for the stronger alcoholic straight absinthe.

Read more about how poets and writers were associated with absinthe
and la fée verte, the Green Fairy, a muse who whispered inspiration to drinkers.

17 April 2026

Simon & Garfunkel and Tom and Jerry


Simon and Garfunkel doesn't seem to be a name that needs any explanation. Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. But they were originally known as the duo "Tom and Jerry" and that might require an origin story, especially for younger readers here.


They formed the group Tom and Jerry in 1957 and had their first success with the minor hit "Hey, Schoolgirl." The two were friends throughout childhood and grew up in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, just blocks away from each other. They met in elementary school in 1953, when they both appeared in the school play Alice in Wonderland (Simon as the White Rabbit, Garfunkel as the Cheshire Cat). They were classmates at Parsons Junior High School and Forest Hills High School, and began performing together in their junior year as Tom and Jerry, with Simon as Jerry Landis (whose last name he borrowed from a girl he had been dating) and Garfunkel as Tom Graph (so called because he was fond of tracking or "graphing" hits on the pop charts. But "Tom and Jerry" was also known at the time as the name of a popular cartoon duo and animated showTom & Jerry is a compilation album released in 2002 that contains songs from their early career.

They began writing their own songs in 1955, and made their first professional recording, "Hey, Schoolgirl", for Big Records in 1957. It was released on 45 rpm and 78 rpm vinyl records, with the flip-side song "Dancin' Wild." The recording sold 100,000 copies and hit #49 on the Billboard Magazine charts. These early songs were heavily influenced by The Everly Brothers. They got to perform their hit on TV's American Bandstand, right after Jerry Lee Lewis performed "Great Balls of Fire".

However, they weren't as successful after that initial rush. After high school, the duo went to separate colleges - Simon at Queens College and Garfunkel at Columbia University. 

Though still friends, it was mostly Simon continuing to write and perform. By 1963, they had established themselves as Simon & Garfunkel (with & in place of and) as part of the Greenwich Village folk music scene. But they didn't release music under their own names until October 1964 with the debut of their studio album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.

Three of Simon's songs - "Sparrow", "Bleecker Street", and "He Was My Brother" are typical of that period. "He Was My Brother" was later dedicated to Andrew Goodman, a friend of both Simon and Garfunkel and a classmate of Simon's at Queens College, who was one of three civil rights workers murdered in Mississippi on June 21, 1964.



Those were three of the five original songs by Simon that were on their first album for Columbia Records, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M, which initially sold very poorly when it was released. It wasn't until a year later—when producer Tom Wilson overdubbed electric instruments onto the acoustic track "The Sound of Silence,"—that the duo became superstars and the first album went on to good sales.

They are well known for their close vocal harmonies and were among the most popular recording artists of the 1960s. Their biggest hits from five original albums include: "The Sound of Silence", "Bridge over Troubled Water", "I Am a Rock", "Homeward Bound", "A Hazy Shade of Winter", "Mrs. Robinson", "The Boxer", "Cecilia", and "Scarborough Fair/Canticle."


Many compilations, live albums and special editions of their music have been released since they dissolved the duo in 1970, and though they have reunited several times since then, currently they only have solo careers. They have received several Grammys and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.

Paul Simon has continued to record, perform, and win Grammy Awards. His first solo release - simply called Paul Simon - was released in 1972. Some of his most popular albums are Still Crazy After All These Years, There Goes Rhymin' Simon , and Graceland.

Paul's official site is http://www.paulsimon.com

Art Garfunkel went on to act in several films, including Carnal KnowledgeCatch-22 and Bad Timing. 
He has released solo albums in a more pop vocal style. Some of his popular albums are Breakaway, Angel Clare, Watermark, and Fate for Breakfast. He has also published Still Water: Prose Poems.

Artie's official site is http://www.artgarfunkel.com

FURTHER READING  Simon and Garfunkel: Old Friends : A Dual Biography

30 March 2026

Toast

One noun form of "toast" is the common bread that has been heated and made crispier. It makes sense since the verb "toast" means to cook or brown (food, especially bread or cheese) by exposure to a grill, fire, or other source of radiant heat.

But there is also the noun used connected to a drink to the health or in honor of (someone or something) by raising one's glass together with others. These well-wishes, offered to an individual or a group, typically commemorate a significant life event, such as a wedding, graduation, or birthday. There is the drink and also the speech. The speeches are traditional rather than standardized, with different contexts and cultures providing templates that toasters can amend as they see fit. The lone constant is that toasts are usually concluded by a call to drink in honor of that event. 

But why call that drink and speech a toast?

The toasting tradition dates back to at least ancient Greece. The term “toasting” is a metonym: Toast was frequently placed in wine to reduce its acidity and add flavor. Over time, the ingredient became shorthand for the speeches many made with wine in their hands.



27 March 2026

Metonym and Synecdoche

A metonym is a figure of speech in which an object or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, rather than by its own name.

Unlike a metaphor, which relies on similarity (e.g., "life is a rollercoaster"), a metonym relies on association or proximity.

Some Common Examples of Metonymy

  • The White House stands for The U.S. Presidential Administration based on the building where the work happens.
  • Hollywood = The American film industry because of the geographic location synonymous with movies.
  • Silicon Valley = the tech industry because it is the region where many tech giants are based.
Metonymy and Synecdoche are often confused. While a metonym uses a related concept (like "The Crown" for a King), a synecdoche uses a specific part to represent the whole (like "wheels" for a car).

11 March 2026

Pilates


Pilates might seem like something that just appeared on the exercise scene recently, but it goes back 100 years.

After the outbreak of World War I, Joseph Hubertus Pilates, a German physical trainer and inventor, was interned as an enemy alien on the Isle of Man. During his three-plus years at the internment camp, Pilates developed a regimen of muscle strengthening through slow and precise stretching and physical movements, using minimal equipment. To allow those who were confined to their beds to exercise.

He used springs and straps from the beds as resistance training, greatly aiding their rehabilitation. He later opened a fitness studio in New York City in 1925, offering the exercise system he developed during the war to the general public. 

He went on to patent 26 exercise apparatuses, and his eponymous Pilates regime gained worldwide popularity. 

04 March 2026

The Smiths

The Smiths are often described as the most important band of the 1980s that never truly "went mainstream" in the traditional sense. It was a brief, five-year flash of fame from 1982 to 1987. 

The band was formed when guitarist Johnny Marr knocked on the door of Morrissey, a shy, bookish writer in Manchester. Along with bassist Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce, they created a sound that systematically dismantled the synth-heavy, glitzy "New Romantic" pop of the era.

The band got its name from lead singer Morrissey. He chose "The Smiths" because it was a very ordinary, common name, a deliberate contrast to the more flamboyant and elaborate band names popular in the 1980s. He wanted the name to represent "ordinary folk."

In just five years, they released four studio albums—The Smiths, Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead, and Strangeways, Here We Come—plus several legendary compilations. They stayed on an independent label (Rough Trade), maintained complete control over their iconic "indie-film" cover art, and famously refused to use synthesizers, relying instead on Marr's "jangle-pop" guitar layers.

The Smiths were the first "indie" band to prove you could be uncompromising, literate, and deeply depressed, and still be popular.


Like many great partnerships, the tension between the "moping" poet (Morrissey) and the musical architect (Marr) became unsustainable. They split in 1987 at the height of their powers, famously never reuniting since.

Part of their appeal is in the way the music sounds like a sunny afternoon, but the lyrics feel like a rainy midnight. Morrissey gave a voice to the shy, the alienated, and the "clumsy and shy." He made it fashionable to be bookish and miserable, often using sharp, dark humor to poke fun at his own despair.

Johnny Marr provided the genius. His style was intricate and melodic, often sounding like multiple guitarists playing at once. You could dance to songs or just listen to the lyrics about loneliness.

In an era of big hair and aggressive masculinity, they celebrated a "genderless" or soft-focus version of rock that paved the way for Britpop and modern Indie.


Picking "bests" is a loser's game, but you can always list favorites. Here are 5. Feel free to comment on your own favorites.

"There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" (1986) Widely considered the band’s masterpiece, this track from The Queen Is Dead perfectly balances Johnny Marr’s lush, cinematic arrangement with Morrissey’s lyrics about romantic devotion. It’s the ultimate "morbidly romantic" anthem.

"How Soon Is Now?" (1984)  Originally a B-side, this song became the band's most recognizable hit globally. It features an iconic, pulsing tremolo guitar effect that was unlike anything else in the 80s. Lyrically, it’s the definitive anthem for anyone who has ever felt like an outsider at a club: "You go and you stand on your own, and you leave on your own..."

"This Charming Man" (1983)  The song that truly introduced the world to the "Smiths sound." It’s upbeat, jangly, and remarkably catchy, featuring one of Johnny Marr’s most celebrated guitar riffs. It captured the band's unique blend of sexual ambiguity and kitchen-sink realism.

"Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want" (1984). At under two minutes, this is one of the shortest songs in their catalog, but also one of the most poignant. It’s a simple, mandolin-heavy plea for a break in life that has resonated in countless movie soundtracks (most notably Ferris Bueller's Day Off and 500 Days of Summer).

"Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" (1984). This song title became a shorthand for the band's entire persona. It’s a witty, ironic take on the drudgery of daily life and the feeling of being unhappy even when things are technically "fine."

25 February 2026

Why Are TV Pilots Called Pilots?

"Pilot” is a word most often associated with a person who flies a plane. It can be used as a verb meaning “to act as a guide to” or “to set the course of,” which makes sense with the airplane pilot theme.

 "Pilot" originally comes from the Greek pedon, meaning “steering oar.” It has been used in English as a verb in the sense of guiding direction as far back as the 1510s. Around 1907, it became a noun meaning “one who flies an airplane.” 

The phrase “pilot studies” is common in the field of research to determine the feasibility of a scientific theory. 

Less clearly, it can also be used to describe the first episode of a TV series.

The OED's earliest example dates to a 1953 edition of Sponsor magazine (aimed at TV advertisers). “As an indication of new show costs, the pilot for ABC’s new Danny Thomas situation-comedy film came to a higher tab than I Love Lucy.” 

Why are these TV episodes called "pilots"? It is another etymological mystery. I couldn't find agreement on an origin. They do seem to be designed “to set the course of” the series. They are a kind of “test flight” for the show's concept. They are similar to a “pilot study."

The TV industry has a "Pilot Season," which is the annual time for testing new show ideas. It traditionally was from January to April, but streaming services have disrupted this rhythm, producing pilots year-round. A pilot episode is a standalone sample for a potential series. networks use them to decide which ones get picked up for full seasons. Some of these pilots never get picked up, and that one episode is all there is of the concept, and they are never seen by the public. 

Writers pitch ideas in summer, networks order scripts in fall, pilots are filmed in winter and executives review and choose which shows to greenlight by spring. These pilot episodes are often quite different from the rest of the series, as the writers are figuring out the concept. 

Why are these TV episodes called "pilots"? It is another etymological mystery. I couldn't find agreement on an origin. They do seem to be designed “to set the course of” the series. They are a kind of “test flight” for the show's concept. They are similar to a “pilot study."

Watch the pilot for Seinfeld (a series I love), which was when the series was going to be called "The Seinfeld Chronicles," and you'll see many differences.

For example, the pilot features a waitress named Claire instead of Elaine Benes. Elaine was added later to balance the cast with a stronger female presence. Kramer’s name was originally “Kessler” due to legal concerns about using the real name of Larry David’s neighbor. The quirky traits that define Kramer were also less pronounced. George is more of a neurotic Woody Allen type in the pilot, rather than the Larry David-inspired character he becomes later. Instead of Monk’s Café, the gang hangs out at a generic luncheonette. The pilot leans heavily on Jerry’s stand-up routines to frame the story. It lacks the interwoven plotlines and ironic twists that later became signature to the show’s storytelling. The dialogue is slower, the humor more subdued, and the overall vibe more conventional than the sharp, self-aware rhythm that defined later episodes.





18 February 2026

In the Nick of Time


Sometimes I come across an origin story that makes me shake my head and wonder, "Is this for real?" That was how I felt when reading about the phrase “In the Nick of Time” which has come to mean an action performed just before it is too late. 

It seems to have originated in the 18th century. People kept track of the money they owed to creditors with a stick - a tally The stick was carved with the number of days you had until the loan was due. If you paid before the last nick, then you didn’t owe interest on the debt. You made it in the nick of time.



11 February 2026

Loanwords and Other Borrowings


I have posted a series of articles here recently about the words that have entered English from French, a process that began with the French-Norman conquest of England in 1066. Some people might refer to those words as "loanwords." But are they loanwords? 

A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. 

"Loan" or "borrow" may seem like odd descriptive words considering that nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything, as in our typical usage of those words.

I had to research the term, and it gets more complicated. Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. 

Some calques in English:
A word, skyscraper, from French gratte-ciel, literally to “scrape-sky.
A phrase, "moment of truth" from Spanish, "el momento de la verdad," meaning a critical turning point.
Superman comes from the German Übermensch, a Nietzschean concept, that later becomes the comic hero.
Brainwashing originates with the Chinese xǐnǎo (洗脑), literally translated as “wash brain.” 
Adam’s apple is a Latin borrowing of pomum Adami, a Biblical reference to the forbidden fruit.

The word "loanword" is itself a calque from German lehnwort, meaning a word borrowed from another language.

We also distinguish loanwords from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.

Here are a few -
          English  | Cognate Language  |  Cognate Word and Meaning

  • Animal Spanish/French animal A living creature
  • Hospital French/Spanish hôpital / hospital Medical facility
  • Family French/Spanish famille / familia Group of related people
  • Minute French/Spanish minute / minuto Unit of time
  • Telephone French/Spanish téléphone / teléfono Communication device

Examples of loanwords in the English language:
 café (from French café, which means "coffee"), bazaar (from Persian bāzār, which means "market"), and kindergarten (from German Kindergarten, which literally means "children's garden"). 

Here's an oddity - the word calque is a loanword, while the word loanword is a calque
Calque comes from the French noun calque ("tracing; imitation; close copy"). Loanword and the phrase loan translation are translated from German nouns Lehnwort and Lehnübersetzung (German: [ˈleːnʔybɐˌzɛt͡sʊŋ]

Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term déjà vu, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings.

Although colloquial and informal register loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes.

07 February 2026

Pen Names


Pseudonyms are "false" names or names that are not the true (given) names of an individual. They are one of a larger group of -onyms and -nyms (like synonyms and antonyms) in English - many more than we were taught in school.

Pseudonyms, when used by an author, are called pen names.

Some Famous Pen Names

Richard Bachman is Stephen King, 20th century American horror author

Acton Bell, Currer Bell, and Ellis Bell were the names used by Anne Brontë, Charlotte Brontë, and Emily Brontë

Mary Westmacott is Agatha Christie, 20th century British mystery writer

Anthony Burgess is John Burgess Wilson, 20th century British writer, author of A Clockwork Orange.

Lewis Carroll is Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, 19th century British author, mathematician, known best for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Sue Denim is used by Dav Pilkey, a writer and illustrator of the popular "Captain Underpants" children's book series and is also used by science fiction writer Lewis Shiner. Sue Denim is a parody of the word pseudonym itself.

Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen), 20th century Danish author of Out of Africa

H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), 20th-century American poet, novelist and memoirist

George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), 19th-century English novelist

C. S. Forester (Cecil Smith), 20th-century writer of the Captain Horatio Hornblower novels and The African Queen

O. Henry (William Sidney Porter), American author of short stories and novels

Hergé (Georges Remi), 20th-century Belgian comics writer and artist, famous worldwide for creating the Tintin series of books

Ann Landers (Esther Pauline Friedman), and Abigail Van Buren/Dear Abby (Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips), advice columnists

Stan Lee (Stanley Martin Lieber), comic book pioneer & Spiderman creator

Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), 17th-century French theater writer, director and actor, and writer of comic satire.

George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair), 20th-century British author of Animal Farm and 1984

Ellery Queen     Frederic Dannay, and Manfred B. Lee shared this pen name for their 20th century detective fiction

Saki (Hector Hugh Munro), 20th-century British short story writer and satirist

George Sand (Armandine Lucie Aurore Dupin), 19th-century French novelist and early feminist

Dr. Seuss (Theodore Seuss Geisel), also used "Theo. LeSieg", 20th-century American writer and cartoonist best known for his books

Lemony Snicket is the listed author of A Series of Unfortunate Events but is really the pen name of Daniel Handler

Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 19th-century French writer

Mark Twain    Samuel Langhorn Clemens (also used "Sieur Louis de Conte" for his fictional biography of Joan of Arc) 19th-century American humorist, writer and lecturer

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 18th-century French Enlightenment writer, deist and philosopher.