Legal Terms from French

This fourth post is on legal words from French that entered English after the Norman Conquest. The Anglo-Norman legal system forms the primary basis for the vocabulary of our modern legal system. 

A defendant is summoned to court, from the Old French cort, from the Latin word for yard. If it's a civil affair, one might hope that all people "present at court" (the original meaning of courtier) will be courteous, which originally meant "having manners fit for a royal court."

A complaint is filed by the plaintiff, from the Old French word plaintive — a "lamentation" — which is itself derived from a Latin word, planctus, meaning "beating of the breast."

During the course of a trial, both sides usually introduce evidence, from Old French meaning "obvious to the eye or mind." It's a word composed of the French prefix e ("out" as in evict) and videre "to see." Evidence is laid out for everyone to see.

Perhaps the defendant is in fact a felon, from the Old French word felon, which meant "wicked" or "a wicked person."

During a court hearing and in other legal matters, attorneys advocate and provide advocacy, words that came into Middle English from Old French, from a verb that meant "to call to one's aid." The voc root is also part of words like vocabulary, vocalize, vocation, vociferous, voice, vouch, voucher, vowel, equivocate, evocatory, provoke, and revoke.

A verdict could be made by a group of peers, a jury, from the Old French juree, an oath or inquiry. Or perhaps, the judge will enter a judgment in the final stages of the judicial process and justice will have been served. These are words that came into English through French, and all revolve around the Latin root jus — "law" and also "right." It's also the root for judicious and judiciary.

More words from French

Words of War from French

Our continuing series of words from French that entered English after the Norman invasion of 1066 brings us to words of warfare and the military. It is not surprising that some words that entered English after William the Conqueror of Normandy, France, defeated Old English-speaking Saxons at the Battle of Hastings, and that this category of words was part of that change. Within the course of a few centuries, English went from being a strictly Germanic language to one infused with a large Latinate vocabulary, which came via French.

The English adapted from their French-speaking Norman invaders many words surrounding elements of war. We send to faraway lands, for example, our soldiers, a word that came to us in Middle English from the Old French word soldier from soulde, the Latin word for a "gold coin of the Roman Empire."

Our soldiers are sent off in battalions to do battle, from Old French bataille, based on late Latin battualia describing "military or gladiatorial exercises" — from the Latin root verb "to beat."

In the course of the war, sometimes a sergeant (Old French, sergent) or commander calls for a siege, based on the Old French sege — from asegier, a verb that means "to besiege." Originally, in Middle English, besiege meant to "sit down in front of."

The Old French verb armer means "to supply with weapons" and is the basis of our army, as well as armor and armory. Navy also came into Middle English from Old French, from the Latin word for ship, navis, which also forms the root of navigation.

A traitor is a person guilty of treason, both from Anglo-Norman French treisoun, meaning "handing over."

The word war itself is distinctly Anglo-Norman. The late Old English word werre, which evolved to modern English war, is from an Anglo-Norman French variant of the Old (and Modern) French word guerre.

Werre (Old English war) also shares a Germanic base with the word "worse." The old Germanic werra indicated "confusion, discord." (Modern German developed a different word entirely for war, krieg.) Middle English warrior is from Old Northern French werreior, a variation of guerreior, "to make war."

A war can end after defeat or retreat (Old French retraiter, "to pull back") or after a treaty (Old French traite), and this might lead to everlasting peace, which came to English from Latin pax via the French word pais.

More words from French

My Morning Jacket

cover of is (import album)

My Morning Jacket is an American rock band formed in 1998 in Louisville, Kentucky. They are known for their psychedelic hippie rock. The band is comprised of Jim James (singer-songwriter, guitarist), Tom 'Two-Tone Tommy' Blankenship (bassist), Patrick Hallahan (drummer), Carl Broemel (guitarist, pedal steel guitarist, saxophonist, vocalist), and Bo Koster (keyboardist, percussionist, vocalist).

The band at the Newport Folk Festival in 2015

They are a great example of a band that doesn't really want to explain their band name origin. I might even guess that the name My Morning Jacket has no real origin, hence the mystery.

During our research, we found an article from 2008 by The Independent that revealed a story that lead singer Jim James had told in regard to the band’s name. According to the article, James was visiting an old friend and discovered that his favorite bar had burned down. In these burned remains, he found a jacket with the initials “MMJ” stitched on it, and thus My Morning Jacket was born.

However, other sources claim that James has told numerous, conflicting stories about how the band’s name came to be. He has said that the name came from him writing down various things in a lyrics notebook and that My Morning Jacket happened to be one of those things. He’s also said that the name is just “a weird name for a band.” 

A similar story to the one in that article by Jim James who said he was visiting his old student-hangout bar (Boot's Bar in Lexington), which had been razed by a fire. Amongst the charred remains, he came upon a jacket which had stitched "MMJ", which he took to mean "My Morning Jacket."

A rather far-fetched story is that it is slang for when a man wakes up in the morning with an erection with a condom already on.

This online post collects a number of origins

Literary Words from French

This is the second of our series of words from French that entered English after the Norman invasion of 1066. When William the Conqueror of Normandy, France, defeated Old English-speaking Saxons led by Harold II, King of England, at the Battle of Hastings, many words entered English. This did not happen immediately but was a process over the course of several centuries. English moved from being a Germanic-based language to one with a large Latinate vocabulary via French. In this post, we look at words referring to literature.

The death of Harold, as shown on the Bayeux Tapestry

The English word literature comes down from the Old French lettre. In the singular, the word in French refers to a member of the alphabet; when it's plural, it's as broad as it is in our phrase "Arts and Letters," encompassing literature and culture.

The pen came into English from the Old French penne, "a feather with a sharpened quill." It was dipped in enque, the Old French word for ink came from a Latin word that described the purple fluid meant for a very specific use - the Roman emperor's official stamp of approval.

Various genres of English literature derive their names from French roots, some of which ultimately derive from Greek. Poet, for example, we got from the Old French word poete, which entered French from Greek via Latin. In Greek, there's poiein, a verb meaning "to create." And in Greek there is poetes, "maker, poet." In Middle English, "poetry" at first referred to creative literature as a whole.

Tragedy in English is from the Old French tragedie via Latin from Greek tragoidia. The reasoning behind the Greek roots (tragos, meaning "goat" and oide "ode, song") is not entirely clear. On that note, mystery, from Old French mistere, was a word first used in English with the sense of "mystic presence" or "hidden religious" symbolism.

Comedy at first referred in English to a genre of stories in which the ending was a happy one. It also came into Middle English through Old French, via Latin from Greek, where it's a compound of the words "revel" and "singer." Comedian first referred to a person who wrote comic plays, and then — in the late 1800s — developed the sense of a person who stands in front of an audience and tells jokes.

Journal is from Old French jurnal, or "belonging to a day." At first, it was a sort of reference book that contained the times of daily prayers. In the 1600s, it acquired the meaning of "diary" and later became associated with newspaper titles and lent its root to journalism.

More words from French

Food Words and the Norman Invasion of England

Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting Norman ships grounding and horses landing in England

On a recent trip to England, I visited the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, where the Battle of Hastings occurred. William the Conqueror of Normandy arrived on British soil, and the French-speaking Normans eventually defeated the Old English-speaking Saxons at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066.

The defeat is said to have a more pronounced effect on the development of the English language than any other event in history. Within the course of a few centuries, English went from being a strictly Germanic language to one infused with a large Latinate vocabulary, which came via French.

The French brought us all sorts of words that surround cooking, including the word gourmet, which in Old French was gromet, a wine-taster's assistant. At first, the term was used in jest, a satirical way to describe persons overly preoccupied with food, but the term became respectable and then even fashionable. Gourmand, French for glutton, is from the same root, and in early use, it carried with it a sense of moral disapproval, because food was often in short supply and so gluttony was hence deemed to be a serious transgression.

We get the word for supper, super, "to take one's evening meal, as well as the word for dinner from this occupation. In Old French, the word was disner, which evolved from a Latin word meaning "to break fast." 

A dinner entrée might feature any of these types of meat whose English names were derived from French:

Beef — from Old French boef, meaning "bull." The name for the farm animal, cow, remained in use from Old English.

Mutton — from Old French muton. The sheep, which gave its flesh, also maintained its Old English name.

Pork — from Old French porc, from Latin porcus. The Old English name again remains for the farm animal — swine — and we again use the French-derived name for what's served at the table.

The meat could be served in the form of a cutlet, a word stemming from the French côtelette, "little rib." Perhaps the meat is roasted, from the Old French rostir. It originally meant to cook before a fire; now, it has evolved so that it generally means to "cook in an oven." 

The verb grill, which people now often use to refer to cooking over a fire, comes from the French word for grate, the metal grid that separates the flame from the food. In the early 1700s, roast came to take on the meaning of "ridicule" or "criticize" — and today, we see celebrities and politicians roasted on late-night television.

And if you'd like a salad with that, you're asking for something derived from a French word — salade — from Latin salata, meaning "that which is salted." Although vinegar and oil were already available and used as condiments, early dressings for leaves of lettuce were often comprised of salt water.

Salt is also firmly rooted in the words salsa, sauce and saucy, and in the word salary. Before technology revolutionized the harvesting of salt into a cheap and easy process, salt was extremely precious, and soldiers of the Roman Empire were often paid part of their wages — that is, their salary — in the form of measured amounts of salt. Salt's ancient value as an important commodity also helps to explain the phrase "worth [his] salt."

More words in English from French

Book Title Origins

In our continuing series of posts about where titles of books and other works originated, we add these four book titles.

The novel about colonialism in Africa, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, takes its title from a W.B. Yeats’s poem, “The Second Coming,” to name his story about colonialism, pride, and loss:

“Turning and turning in the widening gyre
The falcon cannot hear the falconer;
Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world...”

Flannery O’Connor's short story collection, Everything That Rises Must Converge borrows from the book Omega Point by the French philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.

“Remain true to yourself, but move ever upward toward greater consciousness and greater love! At the summit you will find yourselves united with all those who, from every direction, have made the same ascent. For everything that rises must converge.”

Evelyn Waugh turned to T.S. Eliot’s poem “The Wasteland” for his book A Handful of Dust.

“I will show you something different from either
Your shadow at morning striding behind you
Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you;
I will show you fear in a handful of dust.”

John Steinbeck often turned to the Bible for titles. His Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath  sounds like it might be Biblical. After several other working titles, his wife suggested a phrase from the song “The Battle Hymn of the Republic,” by Julia Ward Howe.

“Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord:
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword:
His truth is marching on.”

Radiohead

Radiohead took its name from the Talking Heads' song called "Radio Head." They had previously been known as "On a Friday" which was a reference to the day of the week that they had their rehearsals. 

This English rock band formed in 1985 in Oxfordshire. In 1991, they landed a recording contract with EMI but were requested to change their name to Radiohead/ When asked, lead singer Thom Yorke said the name “sums up all these things about receiving stuff… It’s about =way you take information in, the way you respond to the environment you’re put in.”

Advertisement placed in the Oxford music magazine Curfew 
by Ronan Munro - bbc.com/, CC BY-SA 4.0, Link

Radiohead became highly influential and is known for their musical innovation and evolving sound, which has spanned from alternative rock to more experimental and electronic styles. 

The band's lineup has remained consistent since its formation: Thom Yorke: Lead vocals, guitar, piano Jonny Greenwood: Lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments Ed O'Brien: Guitar, backing vocals Colin Greenwood: Bass guitar Philip Selway: Drums, percussion 

Radiohead's major albums demonstrate their artistic progression.

Pablo Honey (1993): Their debut album, which includes the worldwide hit "Creep." While the band later grew to resent the single's ubiquity, it launched their career and gave them a platform for future work.

The Bends (1995): This album marked a significant leap forward, showcasing a more polished and emotionally resonant sound. It featured singles like "High and Dry" and "Fake Plastic Trees" and earned them critical acclaim, laying the groundwork for their next phase. 

OK Computer (1997): Widely considered a masterpiece, this album solidified their status as a major force in music. With themes of technology, alienation, and modern life, its complex production and ambitious songs like "Paranoid Android" and "Karma Police" made it a landmark of the 1990s and a massive critical and commercial success. 

Kid A mnesia (2000): A radical departure from their guitar-driven sound, this album shocked fans and critics by heavily incorporating electronic music, jazz, and krautrock. Despite its initial divisiveness, it is now celebrated for its boldness and is often credited with influencing a new generation of experimental artists. 

In Rainbows (2007): Notable for its revolutionary "pay-what-you-want" release model, this album marked a return to a more accessible, yet still experimental, sound. It was both a commercial and critical triumph, praised for its warmth, intricate arrangements, and standout tracks like "Nude" and "Jigsaw Falling into Place."

www.radiohead.com/

30 Seconds To Mars

30 SECONDS TO MARS was started in 1998 by actor Jared Leto and his brother Shannon. Matt Wachter later joined the band as bassist and keyboard player. After working with guitarists kevin Drake and Solon Bixler, Tomo Miličević eventually came in to be the fourth member.

 
A reader, Mike Driscoll, alerted us to info on Wikipedia about the band's name origin. Former member Matt Wachter has said that the band's name "actually comes from a thesis that the band found online that was written by a former Harvard professor. And one of the subsections of the thesis was titled 'thirty seconds to Mars', and he goes on to talk about the exponential growth of technology that relates to humans and saying that we are quite literally thirty seconds to Mars. What it means to us is, we thought it best described our music, in short."

Then again, Jared Leto said in an interview that "the name 30 Seconds To Mars has little to do with space, the universe or anything like that. It is a name that works on several different levels. Most importantly, it is a good representation of our sound. It's a phrase that is lyrical, suggestive, cinematic, and filled with immediacy. It has some sense of otherness to it. The concept of space is so overwhelming and all-encompassing, I doubt there is a song written that doesn't fall within it."

Frontman Jared Leto and drummer Shannon Leto performing in Padua, Italy, in July 2013

To further clear (or muddy) the origin waters, Shannon Leto, supporting the Wachter explanation said that the name "represents a lot of things. This professor had a thesis. It was talking about where technology was going; the evolution of man and how that plays a role. A sub-category was 30 Seconds to Mars. It was like the exponential growth of humans. We are literally 30 seconds away from Mars. Everything is right here and right now; everything is just so crazy and fast."

As of this posting, the band has many albums available.

Medical terms That Go Wider

I wrote something for another blog about how the word "viral" which originally was related only to viruses, but now describes content that spreads rapidly online. But there are a good number of words that started as medical terminology but have now gone wider than their original medical usage. Most of them are a very close metaphorical usage to the original usage. 

Trauma Originally: Physical injury or psychological damage. Now: Used broadly to describe emotional distress, e.g., “That breakup was traumatic.”

Fever Originally: Elevated body temperature due to illness. Now: Used metaphorically, like “Bieber fever” or “football fever.”

Inflammation Originally: Swelling and redness due to infection or injury. Now: Used in wellness circles to describe chronic health issues or even emotional states.

Contagious Originally: Easily spread disease. Now: Used for ideas, moods, or behaviors. "Her laughter is contagious.”

Diagnosis Originally: Identification of a disease. Now: Used for identifying problems in general. “The diagnosis is poor time management.”

Symptoms Originally: Signs of illness. Now: Used to describe signs of any issue. “The symptoms of burnout are clear.”

Addiction Originally: Compulsive drug use. Now: Used for anything habit-forming. “I’m addicted to this show.”

Obsessed / OCD Originally: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Now: Often used casually to describe intense interest or perfectionism.

Depressed / Depression Originally: Clinical mental health condition. Now: Used to describe temporary sadness or disappointment.

Bowling for Soup, Sh*t, Dollars and Columbine

The band Bowling for Soup's name originates from a Steve Martin comedy routine, specifically a skit called "Bowling for Shit" from his 1978 album, "Wild and Crazy Guy." 

The band, formed in 1994, initially considered using Martin's title but ultimately opted for Bowling for Soup as a more family-friendly alternative. The "Bowling for Soup" name stuck, despite being initially intended as a joke, because the band couldn't agree on anything better.

Bowling for Soup formed in Wichita Falls, Texas in 1994. The band consists of Jaret Reddick (lead vocals, guitar), Gary Wiseman (drums, percussion), and Rob Felicetti (bass, backing vocals, acoustic guitar). The band is best known for its singles "Girl All the Bad Guys Want", "1985", "Almost", "Punk Rock 101", and "High School Never Ends". The band is also known for performing the theme song for the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb, which is a bit surprising as most of their albums carry warning labels for language.  Reddick is the only original member as of 2025

Steve Martin was playing off an actual TV game show called Bowling for Dollars in which people could bowl to win cash and prizes. The show was popular in the 1960s and peaked in the 1970s. It was unique in that it differed from most TV game shows of the time, which were taped in either New York or Hollywood and broadcast nationally. Unlike these shows, Bowling for Dollars was produced by local TV stations and featured contestants from the immediate area. The show was actually a franchise, created by Bert Claster of Claster Television, also the creator of Romper Room. Episodes of Bowling for Dollars were taped either in a local bowling alley or on a pair of bowling lanes constructed right inside the TV studio. The show reached its heyday in the 1970s. 

Bowling for Columbine is a 2002 documentary film written, produced, directed, and narrated by Michael Moore. The documentary film explores what Moore suggests are the primary causes for the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 and other acts of gun violence. 

The film's title refers to the story that the two students responsible for the Columbine High School massacre attended a school bowling class at 6:00 AM on the day they committed the attacks at school. Later investigations showed that this was based on mistaken recollections, and it was concluded that they were absent from school on the day the attack took place.

A critical and commercial success, the film brought Moore international attention as a rising filmmaker and won numerous awards, including the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature, a special 55th Anniversary Prize at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival, and the César Award for Best Foreign Film. The film is widely considered one of the greatest documentary films of all time.

Oasis

Oasis' Liam and Noel Gallagher      Photo: Will Fresch | CC BY-SA 2.0 

I see that the troubled band Oasis is back on tour this summer. Lead vocalist Liam Gallagher and his brother, guitarist Noel Gallagher, are quite a story. 

But first, a bit about the band name origin. The band was originally called The Rain and only featured one of the Gallagher brothers (Liam on vocals). Noel later joined, and it was then suggested by Liam that they change their name to Oasis.

Noel had a tour poster for the band Inspiral Carpets hanging on his bedroom wall. One venue for a gig was the Swindon Oasis Leisure Centre. Noel liked the word "Oasis" because it evoked a sense of a welcoming, idyllic place, which fit the band's aspirations at the time for their music.

But their history is hardly idyllic. The Gallagher brothers' tumultuous relationship is well-documented. Liam's on-stage antics often clashed with Noel's perfectionism, leading to heated arguments and physical altercations.

Noel, the primary songwriter, wanted to push the band's sound in new directions, while Liam preferred a more traditional rock approach.

Both brothers struggled with substance abuse, which further strained their relationship and impacted the band's performances.

Oasis's touring schedule and recording process were often marked by chaos, with canceled shows, delayed album releases, and reports of on-tour substance abuse.

In 2009, Noel Gallagher officially left Oasis due to "irreconcilable differences" with his brother. The remaining band members attempted to continue under the name Beady Eye, but ultimately disbanded in 2014. The brothers' feud continued even after the band's breakup, with both sides engaging in public jabs and insults. 

However, in recent years, they've seemed to call a truce, with Liam and Noel reportedly having a more cordial relationship.

Despite their internal struggles, Oasis released several critically acclaimed and commercially successful albums, including (What's the Story) Morning Glory? and Be Here Now, and a bigger catalog of collections and remastered albums.

Black Sabbath

Black Sabbath in 1970. Left to right: Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Bill Ward, Ozzy Osbourne
Photo: Warner Bros. Records -  Public Domain, Link

Black Sabbath was an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi, drummer Bill Ward, bassist Geezer Butler, and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music. Their albums, Black Sabbath (1970), Paranoid (1970), and Master of Reality (1971) helped define the genre. The band had multiple line-up changes following Osbourne's departure in 1979, with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history.

Previous names for the band had been the dreadful Polka Tulk Blues Band (either from a brand of talcum powder or an Indian/Pakistani clothing shop) Mythology and Earth. They changed to Black Sabbath in 1969. 

The traditional meaning of "sabbath" is of a day of religious observance and abstinence from work, kept by Jews from Friday evening to Saturday evening, and by most Christians on Sunday.

The band clearly was embracing the supposed annual midnight meeting of witches with the Devil and so a "black sabbath" suggests a "holy" day of witchcraft. 

They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and tuned-down guitars. 

 

The band discovered that there was another English group named Earth, so they made another name change. They saw the 1963 horror film Black Sabbath starring Boris Karloff on the marquee across from their rehearsal space. Osbourne and Butler wrote the lyrics for a song called "Black Sabbath", which they say was inspired not so much by the film but by the work of horror and adventure-story writer Dennis Wheatley. Butler also claimed that he had a vision of a black silhouetted figure standing at the foot of his bed. To further add to the occult of the song, it uses the musical tritone known as "the Devil's Interval."

The band's music, appearance, and lyrics were atypical of 1969, when music was more reflective of the 60s flower power, folk/rock, and peace & love hippie culture. 

Black Sabbath has sold over 70 million records worldwide, and are one of the most influential heavy metal bands of all time. 

 

Of Paranoid, Rolling Stone magazine said it "changed music forever," calling the band "the Beatles of heavy metal," and Time magazine called Paranoid "the birthplace of heavy metal," placing it in their Top 100 Albums of All Time. 

MTV placed Black Sabbath at number one on their Top Ten Heavy Metal Bands. VH1 ranked Black Sabbath's "Iron Man" the number one song on their 40 Greatest Metal Songs countdown.

 

Ozzy  -  2010 

John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne (3 December 1948 – 22 July 2025) adopted the nickname "Prince of Darkness." In 2005 Osbourne was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame both as a solo artist and as a member of Black Sabbath.In 2006, he was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Black Sabbath bandmates Tony Iommi, Bill Ward, and Geezer Butler, and then in 2024, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his solo career.

 

By 2025, he had lost his ability to walk due to Parkinson's disease. Osbourne died unexpectedly at his home in Buckinghamshire on 22 July 2025, aged 76, surrounded by his family. His death occurred 17 days after his final live performance at the Back to the Beginning farewell concert.

Sports Idioms

Sports provide us with lots of idioms that are used in sports and sometimes in non-sporting situations.

To "call an audible" in American football means to improvise, often in the spur of the moment. The term is based on the practice of changing a play right before the play is run by the quarterback yelling some coded message to the team.

To "hit below the belt" comes to us from boxing. It means to act unfairly or unscrupulously, in disregard of the rules. To hit an opponent below their belt is an illegal move in boxing. Outside the ring, people use it to mean anything said or done that is a "low blow" and unfair.

If someone says that "the gloves are off," they could be borrowing from boxing or hockey. In boxing, fighting without gloves and bare fists is dangerous. Similarly, in ice hockey, when the gloves are off or player "drop the gloves," it means they have engaged in a fight, throwing off their gloves to punch with bare knuckles. This term is used both figuratively and literally. If two businessmen negotiating say "the gloves are off," it means that anything goes and they expect tough negotiations.